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radical democracy
Radical democracy was articulated by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in their book ''Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics'', written in 1985. They argue that social movements which attempt to create social and political change need a strategy which challenges neoliberal and neoconservative concepts of democracy.〔Laclau, E and Mouffe, C. (1985). ''Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics'', Verso: London.〕 This strategy is to expand the liberal definition of democracy, based on freedom and equality, to include difference.〔
"Radical democracy" means "the root of democracy." Laclau and Mouffe claim that liberal democracy and deliberative democracy, in their attempts to build consensus, oppress differing opinions, races, classes, genders, and worldviews.〔 In the world, in a country, and in a social movement there are many (a plurality of) differences which resist consensus. Radical democracy is not only accepting of difference, dissent and antagonisms, but is dependent on it.〔 Laclau and Mouffe argue based on the assumption that there are oppressive power relations that exist in society and that those oppressive relations should be made visible, re-negotiated and altered.〔 By building democracy around difference and dissent, oppressive power relations existing in societies are able to come to the forefront so that they can be challenged.〔Mouffe, C. (1996). ''Democracy, Power, and the ‘Political’''. In Benhabib, S. (ed.) Democracy and Difference (pp. 245-255). Princeton: University Press.〕
In other contexts, ''radical democracy'' is a term used to refer to the post-Marxist perspectives of Italian radicalism - especially Paolo Virno.
== Re-interpretations ==
Since Laclau and Mouffe argued for a radical democracy, many other theorists and practitioners have adapted and changed the term. For example, Bell Hooks and Henry Giroux have all written about education for a radical democracy. Paulo Freire's work, although initiated decades before Laclau and Mouffe, can also be read through similar lenses. 〔Freire, P. (2004). ''Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed''. New York: Continuum.〕〔hooks, b. (1996). ''Representation and Democracy: An Interview''. In Trend, D. (ed.) Radical Democracy: Identity, Citizenship, and the State (pp. 228-236). New York: Routledge.〕〔Giroux, H. (1996). ''Pedagogy and Radical Democracy in the Age of “Political Correctness”''. In Trend, D. (ed.) Radical Democracy: Identity, Citizenship, and the State (pp. 179-194). New York: Routledge.〕 Theorists such as Paul Chatterton and Richard JF Day have written about the importance of radical democracy within some of the autonomous movements in Latin America (namely the EZLN - Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico, the MST - Landless Workers' Movement in Brazil, and the Piquetero - Unemployed Workers Movement in Argentina).〔Chatterton, P. ''Making Autonomous Geographies: Argentina’s Popular Uprising and the ‘Movimiento de Traebajadores Desocupados (Unemployed Workers Movement)'', Geoforum, (2005), Volume 36, Issue 5, pp. 545-61.〕〔Day, R. (2005). ''Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements''. Between the lines: Toronto.〕
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